spracticeХирургическая практикаSurgical practice (Russia)2223-2427АНО "Консорциум "Медицинская техника"10.38181/2223-2427-2022-1-14-21spractice-280Research ArticleСтатьиЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПРОСТОЙ ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ НЕСТАБИЛЬНОСТИ ЛОКТЕВОГО СУСТАВАTREATMENT OF SIMPLE CHRONIC INSTABILITY OF THE ELBOW JOINThttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-0721ДаниловМ. А.DanilovM. A.

Данилов Максим Александрович – к.м.н., доцент кафедры травматологии ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии

ул. Островитянова, д.1, 117997, Москва

Maksim A. Danilov – MD, Candidate of Medical Sciences, associate professor at the department of trauma, orthopedics and military surgery

Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997, Moscow

md.danilov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-2752ЕршовД. С.ErshovD. S.

Ершов Дмитрий Сергеевич – к.м.н., доцент кафедры травматологии ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии

ул. Островитянова, д.1, 117997, Москва

Dmitrij S. Ershov – MD, Candidate of Medical Sciences, associate professor at the department of trauma, orthopedics and military surgery

Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997, Moscow

ershov0808@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9214-5615ЛядоваМ. В.LiadovaM. V.

Лядова Мария Васильевна – д.м.н., профессор кафедры травматологии ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии

ул. Островитянова, д.1, 117997, Москва

Maria V. Liadova – MD, PhD, professor of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Military Field Surgery

Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997, Moscow

mariadoc1@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3497-5933БадриевД. А.BadrievD. A.

Бадриев Денис Айдарович – ассистент кафедры травматологии ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии

ул. Островитянова, д.1, 117997, Москва

Denis A. Badriev – MD, assistant of the Department of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Military Field Surgery

Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997, Moscow

ill1dan@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-3201ЕршовН. С.ErshovN. S.

Ершов Никита Сергеевич – ассистент кафедры травматологии ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии

ул. Островитянова, д.1, 117997, Москва

Nikita S. Ershov – MD, assistant of the department of trauma, orthopedics and military surgery

Ostrovitianov str. 1, 117997, Moscow

ensne@yandex.ruРоссийский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова (РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова)РоссияPirogov Russian National Research Medical UniversityRussian Federation202220032022011421Copyright © Данилов М.А., Ершов Д.С., Лядова М.В., Бадриев Д.А., Ершов Н.С., 20222022Данилов М.А., Ершов Д.С., Лядова М.В., Бадриев Д.А., Ершов Н.С.Danilov M.A., Ershov D.S., Liadova M.V., Badriev D.A., Ershov N.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.spractice.ru/jour/article/view/280

Простая хроническая нестабильность локтевого сустава является одной из актуальных проблем в современной травматологии в связи с тем, что стандартная тактика ведения пациентов с травматическими повреждениями локтевого сустава вследствие вывиха, сводящаяся к его устранению, иммобилизации верхней конечности и последующей разработке движений в суставе, чаще всего не учитывает повреждение конкретных мягкотканых структур. При несвоевременном обращении за квалифицированной помощью, при поздних или неудачных попытках устранения вывиха костей предплечья, реже при хронической травматизации связочного аппарата локтевого сустава во время занятия некоторыми видами может сформироваться одно главных неприятнейших осложнений, а именно, хроническая нестабильность. В данной статье рассмотрены основные виды хронической нестабильности локтевого сустава, проанализированы подходы к ведению пациентов с простой хронической нестабильностью. Несмотря на не очень большую встречаемость данной патологии, эффективность современных вариантов хирургического лечения, направленных реконструкцию связочного аппарата локтевого сустава, процент неудовлетворительных результатов лечения простой хронической рецидивирующей и постоянной нестабильности локтевого сустава остается высоким.

Simple chronic instability of the elbow joint is one of the urgent problems in modern traumatology due to the fact that the standard tactics of managing patients with traumatic injuries of the elbow joint due to dislocation, which amounts to its elimination, immobilization of the upper limb and subsequent development of movements in the joint, most often does not take into account damage to specific soft tissue structures. With untimely treatment for qualified help, with late or unsuccessful attempts to eliminate dislocation of the bones of the forearm, less often with chronic traumatization of the ligamentous apparatus of the elbow joint during some types of occupation, one of the most unpleasant complications may form, namely, chronic instability. This article discusses the main types of chronic instability of the elbow joint, analyzes approaches to the management of patients with simple chronic instability. Despite the not very high occurrence of this pathology, the effectiveness of modern surgical treatment options aimed at reconstruction of the ligamentous apparatus of the elbow joint, the percentage of unsatisfactory results of treatment of simple chronic recurrent and persistent instability of the elbow joint remains high.

хроническая нестабильностьлоктевой суставмедиальная коллатеральная связкалатеральная коллатеральная связкаchronic instabilityelbow jointmedial collateral ligamentlateral collateral ligamentReferencesSochol KM, Andelman SM, Koehler SM, Hausman MR. Treatment of Traumatic Elbow Instability With an Internal Joint Stabilizer. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(2):161.e1-161.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.05.031Sochol KM, Andelman SM, Koehler SM, Hausman MR. Treatment of Traumatic Elbow Instability With an Internal Joint Stabilizer. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(2):161.e1-161.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.05.031Chanlalit C, Dilokhuttakarn T. Lateral collateral ligament reconstruction in atraumatic posterolateral rotatory instability. JSES open access. 2018;2(2):121-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jses.2018.02.004Chanlalit C, Dilokhuttakarn T. Lateral collateral ligament reconstruction in atraumatic posterolateral rotatory instability. JSES open access. 2018;2(2):121-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jses.2018.02.004Adams JE. Elbow Instability: Evaluation and Treatment. Hand Clin. 2020;36(4):485-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2020.07.013Adams JE. Elbow Instability: Evaluation and Treatment. Hand Clin. 2020;36(4):485-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2020.07.013Локтевой сустав. Под ред. Егиазаряна К.А., Ратьева А.П. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2019. [The elbow joint. Egiazaryan KA, Rat'ev AP M.: Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo; 2019. (in Russ.).]Локтевой сустав. Под ред. Егиазаряна К.А., Ратьева А.П. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2019. [The elbow joint. Egiazaryan KA, Rat'ev AP M.: Medicinskoe informacionnoe agentstvo; 2019. (in Russ.).]Ратьев А.П., Егиазарян К.А., Жаворонков Е.А., Мельников В.С., Обыденный Д.А. Отдаленные результаты лечения пациентов с" ужасной триадой" локтевого сустава. Московский хирургический журнал. 2015;1:44-51.Rat'ev AP, Egiazarjan KA, Zhavoronkov EA, Mel'nikov VS, Obydennyj DA. Long-term results of treatment of patients with the "terrible triad" of the elbow joint. Moskovskij hirurgicheskij zhurnal. 2015;1:44-51. (in Russ.)Josefsson PO, Nilsson BE. Incidence of elbow dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57(6):537-538. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453678609014788Josefsson PO, Nilsson BE. Incidence of elbow dislocation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1986;57(6):537-538. https://doi.org/10.3109/17453678609014788Ратьев А.П., Егиазарян К.А., Жаворонков Е.А., Мельников В.С. Лечение остеоартроза локтевого сустава. Вопросы реконструктивной и пластической хирургии. 2014;2:50-60.Rat'ev AP, Egiazarjan KA, Zhavoronkov EA, Mel'nikov VS. The treatment of osteoarthritis of the elbow joint. Voprosy rekonstruktivnoj i plasticheskoj hirurgii. 2014;2:50-60. (in Russ.)Жаворонков Е.А., Скороглядов А.В., Коробушкин Г.В., Ратьев А.П. Алгоритм лечения больных с переломами головки лучевой кости. Российский медицинский журнал. 2012;1:22-23.Zhavoronkov EA, Skoroglyadov AV, Korobushkin GV, Rat'ev AP. Algorithm for the treatment of patients with radial head fractures. Rossijskij medicinskij zhurnal. 2012;1:22-23. (in Russ.)Rezaie N, Gupta S, Service BC, Osbahr DC. Elbow Dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2020;39(3):637-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2020.02.009Rezaie N, Gupta S, Service BC, Osbahr DC. Elbow Dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2020;39(3):637-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2020.02.009Morrey BF. Acute and Chronic Instability of the Elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1996;4(3):117-128. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-199605000-00001Morrey BF. Acute and Chronic Instability of the Elbow. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1996;4(3):117-128. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-199605000-00001Ring D, Jupiter JB. Fracture-dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80(4):566-580.Ring D, Jupiter JB. Fracture-dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80(4):566-580.Andrew HC. Old unreduced dislocations. In: Frederick M, James HB, Canale ST, editors. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. 13th ed., vol. 61. Elsevier Inc.; 2017. p. 3155e9.Andrew HC. Old unreduced dislocations. In: Frederick M, James HB, Canale ST, editors. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. 13th ed., vol. 61. Elsevier Inc.; 2017. p. 3155e9.Ратьев А.П., Егиазарян К.А., Жаворонков Е.А., Масленникова А.А. Оперативное лечение повреждений ЭссексЛопрести. Хирургическая практика. 2014;1:89-93.Rat'ev AP, Egiazarjan KA, Zhavoronkov EA, Maslennikova AA. The treatment of osteoarthritis of the elbow joint. Hirurgicheskaya praktika. 2014;1:89-93. (in Russ.)Willemot L, Hendrikx FR, Byrne A-M, van Riet RP. Valgus instability of the elbow: acute and chronic form. Obere Extrem. 2018;13(3):173-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-018-0465-1Willemot L, Hendrikx FR, Byrne A-M, van Riet RP. Valgus instability of the elbow: acute and chronic form. Obere Extrem. 2018;13(3):173-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11678-018-0465-1Grawe B, Dines D, Dines J. Elbow injuries in the tennis player. Sport Medicine Journal. 2014. Published at: https://www.aspetar.com/journal/viewarticle.aspx?id=194#.YWdEm9rP1PY (last accessed: 10.10.2021).Grawe B, Dines D, Dines J. Elbow injuries in the tennis player. Sport Medicine Journal. 2014. Published at: https://www.aspetar.com/journal/viewarticle.aspx?id=194#.YWdEm9rP1PY (last accessed: 10.10.2021).Mayne IP, Wasserstein D, Modi CS, Henry PDG, Mahomed N, Veillette C. The epidemiology of closed reduction for simple elbow dislocations and the incidence of early subsequent open reduction. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2015;24(1):83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2014.08.027Mayne IP, Wasserstein D, Modi CS, Henry PDG, Mahomed N, Veillette C. The epidemiology of closed reduction for simple elbow dislocations and the incidence of early subsequent open reduction. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2015;24(1):83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2014.08.027Stoneback JW, Owens BD, Sykes J, Athwal GS, Pointer L, Wolf JM. Incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States population. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(3):240-245. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01663Stoneback JW, Owens BD, Sykes J, Athwal GS, Pointer L, Wolf JM. Incidence of elbow dislocations in the United States population. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(3):240-245. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01663Anakwe RE, Middleton SD, Jenkins PJ, McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. Patient-reported outcomes after simple dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(13):1220-1226. https://doi.org/:10.2106/JBJS.J.00860Anakwe RE, Middleton SD, Jenkins PJ, McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. Patient-reported outcomes after simple dislocation of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(13):1220-1226. https://doi.org/:10.2106/JBJS.J.00860Егиазарян К. А., Черкасов С. Н., Аттаева Л.Ж. Анализ структуры первичной заболеваемости по классу травмы, отравления и некоторые другие последствия воздействия внешних причин взрослого населения Российской Федерации. Кафедра травматологии и ортопедии. 2017;1:25-27.Egiazaryan KA, Cherkasov SN, Attaeva LZh. The analysis of structure of primary incidence on a class of a trauma, poisoning and some other consequences of influence of the external reasons of adult population of the Russian Federation. Kafedra travmatologii i ortopedii. 2017;1:25-27. (in Russ.)Chronische Bandinstabilitäten des Ellenbogengelenks M. Hackl, T. Leschinger, LP Müller. Springer Verlag 2016Chronische Bandinstabilitäten des Ellenbogengelenks M. Hackl, T. Leschinger, LP Müller. Springer Verlag 2016Егиазарян К.А., Ратьев А.П., Данилов М.А, Бадриев Д.А. Лечение простой травматической нестабильности локтевого сустава. Кафедра травматологии и ортопедии. 2021;4:69-79. https://doi.org/10.17238/2226-2016-2021-4-69-79Egiazaryan KA, Rat'ev AP, Danilov MA, Badriev DA. Treatment of simple traumatic instability of the elbow joint. Kafedra travmatologii i ortopedii. 2021;4:69-79. (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17238/2226-2016-2021-4-69-79Conti Mica M, Caekebeke P, van Riet R. Lateral collateral ligament injuries of the elbow – chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). EFORT open Rev. 2016;1(12):461-468. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.160033Conti Mica M, Caekebeke P, van Riet R. Lateral collateral ligament injuries of the elbow – chronic posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). EFORT open Rev. 2016;1(12):461-468. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.160033Numaguchi K, Momma D, Matsui Y, et al. Changes in elbow joint contact area in symptomatic valgus instability of the elbow in baseball players. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19782. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99193-0Numaguchi K, Momma D, Matsui Y, et al. Changes in elbow joint contact area in symptomatic valgus instability of the elbow in baseball players. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19782. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99193-0O’Driscoll SW, Jupiter JB, King GJ, Hotchkiss RN, Morrey BF. The unstable elbow. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:89-102.O’Driscoll SW, Jupiter JB, King GJ, Hotchkiss RN, Morrey BF. The unstable elbow. Instr Course Lect. 2001;50:89-102.Zhang L, Wang L, Yu S, et al. Severe traumatic valgus instability of the elbow: pathoanatomy and outcomes of primary operation. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019;14(1):347. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1374-8Zhang L, Wang L, Yu S, et al. Severe traumatic valgus instability of the elbow: pathoanatomy and outcomes of primary operation. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019;14(1):347. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-019-1374-8Rhyou IH, Kim YS. New mechanism of the posterior elbow dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(12):2535- 2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1872-7Rhyou IH, Kim YS. New mechanism of the posterior elbow dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20(12):2535- 2541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1872-7Acosta Batlle J, Cerezal L, López Parra MD, Alba B, Resano S, Blázquez Sánchez J. The elbow: review of anatomy and common collateral ligament complex pathology using MRI. Insights Imaging. 2019;10(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0725-7Acosta Batlle J, Cerezal L, López Parra MD, Alba B, Resano S, Blázquez Sánchez J. The elbow: review of anatomy and common collateral ligament complex pathology using MRI. Insights Imaging. 2019;10(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0725-7O’Driscoll SW, Morrey BF, Korinek S, An KN. Elbow subluxation and dislocation: A spectrum of instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(280):186-197. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199207000-00024O’Driscoll SW, Morrey BF, Korinek S, An KN. Elbow subluxation and dislocation: A spectrum of instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;(280):186-197. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199207000-00024O’Driscoll SW. Classification and evaluation of recurrent instability of the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;(370):34-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200001000-00005O’Driscoll SW. Classification and evaluation of recurrent instability of the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000;(370):34-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200001000-00005Rotini R. An overview about elbow instability. Musculoskelet Surg. 2014;98 Suppl 1:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12306-014-0330-3Rotini R. An overview about elbow instability. Musculoskelet Surg. 2014;98 Suppl 1:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12306-014-0330-3Marinelli A, Guerra E, Rotini R. Elbow instability: Are we able to classify it? Review of the literature and proposal of an all-inclusive classification system. Musculoskelet Surg. 2016;100 (Suppl 1):61-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12306-016-0424-1Marinelli A, Guerra E, Rotini R. Elbow instability: Are we able to classify it? Review of the literature and proposal of an all-inclusive classification system. Musculoskelet Surg. 2016;100 (Suppl 1):61-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12306-016-0424-1Marinelli A, Graves BR, Bain GI, Pederzini L. Treatment of elbow instability: state of the art. J ISAKOS Jt Disord Orthop Sport Med. 2021;6(2):102-115. https://doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2019-000316Marinelli A, Graves BR, Bain GI, Pederzini L. Treatment of elbow instability: state of the art. J ISAKOS Jt Disord Orthop Sport Med. 2021;6(2):102-115. https://doi.org/10.1136/jisakos-2019-000316Kwak SH, Lee S-J, Jeong HS, Do MU, Suh KT. Subtle elbow instability associated with lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2069-8Kwak SH, Lee S-J, Jeong HS, Do MU, Suh KT. Subtle elbow instability associated with lateral epicondylitis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018;19(1):136. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2069-8Rettig AC, Sherrill C, Snead DS, Mendler JC, Mieling P. Nonoperative treatment of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(1):15-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290010601Rettig AC, Sherrill C, Snead DS, Mendler JC, Mieling P. Nonoperative treatment of ulnar collateral ligament injuries in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(1):15-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290010601Podesta L, Crow SA, Volkmer D, Bert T, Yocum LA. Treatment of partial ulnar collateral ligament tears in the elbow with platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1689-1694. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513487979Podesta L, Crow SA, Volkmer D, Bert T, Yocum LA. Treatment of partial ulnar collateral ligament tears in the elbow with platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(7):1689-1694. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546513487979Savoie FH, O’Brien M. Chronic medial instability of the elbow. EFORT open Rev. 2017;2(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.2.160037Savoie FH, O’Brien M. Chronic medial instability of the elbow. EFORT open Rev. 2017;2(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.2.160037Udall JH, Fitzpatrick MJ, McGarry MH, Leba T-B, Lee TQ. Effects of flexor-pronator muscle loading on valgus stabil-ity of the elbow with an intact, stretched, and resected medial ulnar collateral ligament. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2009;18(5):773-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.03.008Udall JH, Fitzpatrick MJ, McGarry MH, Leba T-B, Lee TQ. Effects of flexor-pronator muscle loading on valgus stabil-ity of the elbow with an intact, stretched, and resected medial ulnar collateral ligament. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2009;18(5):773-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.03.008Moroder P, Danzinger V, Maziak N, et al. Characteristics of functional shoulder instability. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2020;29(1):68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.025Moroder P, Danzinger V, Maziak N, et al. Characteristics of functional shoulder instability. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2020;29(1):68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.025Downham C, Lawrence T. Acute and chronic elbow instability: a review of mechanisms, patho-anatomy and management. Orthop Trauma. 2020;34(4):197-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mporth.2020.05.002Downham C, Lawrence T. Acute and chronic elbow instability: a review of mechanisms, patho-anatomy and management. Orthop Trauma. 2020;34(4):197-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mporth.2020.05.002Jobe FW, Stark H, Lombardo SJ. Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68(8):1158-1163.Jobe FW, Stark H, Lombardo SJ. Reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68(8):1158-1163.Rohrbough JT, Altchek DW, Hyman J, Williams RJ 3rd, Botts JD. Medial collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow using the docking technique. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(4):541-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300041401Rohrbough JT, Altchek DW, Hyman J, Williams RJ 3rd, Botts JD. Medial collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow using the docking technique. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(4):541-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300041401Andrews JR, Timmerman LA. Outcome of elbow surgery in professional baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):407-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659502300406Andrews JR, Timmerman LA. Outcome of elbow surgery in professional baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(4):407-413. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659502300406Jones KJ, Dodson CC, Osbahr DC, et al. The docking technique for lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: surgical technique and clinical outcomes. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2012;21(3):389-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.033Jones KJ, Dodson CC, Osbahr DC, et al. The docking technique for lateral ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: surgical technique and clinical outcomes. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2012;21(3):389-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.033Vitale MA, Ahmad CS. The outcome of elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in overhead athletes: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(6):1193-1205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508319053Vitale MA, Ahmad CS. The outcome of elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in overhead athletes: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(6):1193-1205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508319053King GJW, Dunning CE, Zarzour ZDS, Patterson SD, Johnson JA. Single-strand reconstruction of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament restores varus and posterolateral rotatory stability of the elbow. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2002;11(1):60-64. https://doi.org/10.1067/mse.2002.118483King GJW, Dunning CE, Zarzour ZDS, Patterson SD, Johnson JA. Single-strand reconstruction of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament restores varus and posterolateral rotatory stability of the elbow. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2002;11(1):60-64. https://doi.org/10.1067/mse.2002.118483Baumfeld JA, van Riet RP, Zobitz ME, Eygendaal D, An K-N, Steinmann SP. Triceps tendon properties and its potential as an autograft. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2010;19(5):697-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.12.001Baumfeld JA, van Riet RP, Zobitz ME, Eygendaal D, An K-N, Steinmann SP. Triceps tendon properties and its potential as an autograft. J shoulder Elb Surg. 2010;19(5):697-699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2009.12.001O’Driscoll SW, Spinner RJ, McKee MD, et al. Tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow due to cubitus varus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(9):1358-1369. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200109000-00011O’Driscoll SW, Spinner RJ, McKee MD, et al. Tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow due to cubitus varus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83(9):1358-1369. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200109000-00011Baghdadi YMK, Morrey BF, O’Driscoll SW, Steinmann SP, Sanchez-Sotelo J. Revision allograft reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament complex in elbows with previous failed reconstruction and persistent posterolateral rotatory instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(7):2061-2067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3611-0Baghdadi YMK, Morrey BF, O’Driscoll SW, Steinmann SP, Sanchez-Sotelo J. Revision allograft reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament complex in elbows with previous failed reconstruction and persistent posterolateral rotatory instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(7):2061-2067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3611-0Черкасов С. Н., Кудряшова Л. В., Егиазарян К. А. Анализ потребности как основа планирования объемов высокотехнологичных видов медицинской помощи пациентам с заболеваниями костно-мышечной системы в городе Москве. Бюллетень Национального научно-исследовательского института общественного здоровья имени НА Семашко. 2015;4-5:199-204.Cherkasov SN, Kudryashova LV, Egiazaryan KA. TAnalysis of the need as a basis for planning the volume of high-tech types of medical care for patients with diseases of the musculoskeletal system in Moscow. Byulleten' Nacional'nogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta obshchestvennogo zdorov'ya imeni NA Semashko. 2015;4-5:199-204. (in Russ.).Егиазарян К. А., Лалабекова М.В., Черкасов С. Н., Аттаева Л.Ж. Территориальные особенности планирования необходимого объема медицинской помощи по профилю травматология и ортопедия. Проблемы стандартизации в здравоохранении. 2016;11-12:23-29.Egiazaryan KA, Lalabekova MV, Cherkasov SN, Attaeva LZh. Territorial features of planning the required volume of medical care in the field of traumatology and orthopedics. Problemy standartizacii v zdravoohranenii. 2016;11- 12:23-29. (in Russ.)Schnetzke M, Aytac S, Keil H, et al. Unstable simple elbow dislocations: medium-term results after non-surgical and surgical treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(7):2271- 2279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4100-7Schnetzke M, Aytac S, Keil H, et al. Unstable simple elbow dislocations: medium-term results after non-surgical and surgical treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(7):2271- 2279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-016-4100-7Salihu MN, Arojuraye SA, Alabi AI, Mustapha IU, Okoh N, Ayeni FB. Old unreduced elbow dislocation: Patients’ perspectives on outcome of open reduction. Surgeon. 2021;19(2):87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2020.03.001Salihu MN, Arojuraye SA, Alabi AI, Mustapha IU, Okoh N, Ayeni FB. Old unreduced elbow dislocation: Patients’ perspectives on outcome of open reduction. Surgeon. 2021;19(2):87-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2020.03.001

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.